Define Individualism And Explain Its Importance Within Liberal Ideology

The liberal ideology is formed on several ideologies. Individualism is considered one of the most crucial. It's involved in most liberal characteristics like freedom, the economy and the role of the state. But there is notable division between modern and classic liberalists as to what it focuses on with modern liberalists focusing on individuality and classics believe in utilitarianism and and social darwinism. However it is widely agreed that individualism is a key concept within liberal ideology.Firstly, to discuss the importance of individualism, it must be defined. Individualism is the social theory favouring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control. Essentially the belief that the individual is more important than the social group. This is then split further into methodological individualism where the individual is placed at the centre of political theory and ethical individualism where moral priority is given to the interests of the individual.One plac e where individualism plays a key role within liberalism is in the role of the state. This appears in the form of a constitutional government that liberal thinkers view as essential with two other aspects to guarantee individualism. The first is the separation of powers where capability would be disbanded between various parts of government in order to prevent a focused centre of power which would be able to destroy individual freedom. The second is a limited government, where the state is only given enough powers necessary to allow individuals to follow their own eccentric pursuits. Therefore it can be see individualism plays an important role in liberals ideology as liberal government is designed to protect this. John Locke sums this up as ‘the state that governs least is the state that governs best'.Another place where individualism is important within liberal ideology is with regard to the financial market. This became prominent through the thinkings of Ricardo and Smith ( writer of the wealth of nations). They believed that the individual should be enabled to act in their own interests  and this will therefore benefit society overall. This will in theory therefore promote freedom, well-being and prosperity. More recently, John Maynard Keynes put forward the requirement of demand management – that the government should inject money into the economy to ensure the individual can still act in their own interests.Individualism also plays a crucial part in the opinion of freedom within liberal ideology. It is not total freedom but freedom under the state and the rule of law. It warrants for people to develop their own abilities and ambitions. John Locke, a 17th century philosopher considered freedom of the individual to be a natural right.Modern liberals have moved away towards individuality, by suggesting life is about more than a selfish pursuit of ones own joys. John Stuart Mills expressed the desire of individuals to achieve self-realisation a nd autonomy, through ‘high' pleasures, which consist of intellectual and moral pursuits in comparison with ‘low' pleasures which are crude pleasures including activities such as promiscuity, drinking and gambling. This may suggest individualism has less of a role in modern liberalism because there's less focus on the simple pleasures that a classical liberalist would conform to.Classical liberals have an atomistic view of the individual, due to ideas such as Social Darwinism, that the hard-working and talented would survive and the lazy would fail. Spencer stressed this, and the importance of the individual responsibility. Utilitarianism is also a key concept within classical thinking on individualism, the idea that the proper course of action is the one that maximises utility. Bentham suggested this was key as individuals ought to be allowed to follow their own happiness. The focus and analysis of political theorists on what individualism should be shows its importance. To summarise, it is clear that individualism is greatly important in liberal ideology, particularly in the opinion of classical liberalists. In classical liberalism individualism takes a more pivotal role within most aspects of their ideals. However in modern liberalism individualism is slightly more subdued due to the state's larger role. Overall individualism can be seen to play an important role within liberalism as a whole.

Patton – Fuller Community Hospital

An analysis of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Network systems James doglas CMGT/554 December 19, 2011 Carol Eichling An analysis of Patton-Fuller Community Hospital Network systems Patton – Fuller community hospital’s network system consist of two major parts, the first part is the executive part that connects the hospitals executive management, human resources department, operations, IT and data center, etc. , the first network is connected using a 1000base-T Gigabyte network connection that uses a typical Cat6 cabling (Apollo Group Inc. 2008), the second major part of the network connects the departments of radiology, operating room, wards, ICU’s, etc. using a 1000base F fiber optic based connection, this connection is a gigabyte connection too and the both parts of the connections are connected to the network bridge switch that is acting as a core switch. Observing the network structured layout (Apollo Group Inc. , 2008) reveals that the deployment decisions were made depending on the physical distances between the nods in each major network part. In the first part, it was obvious that the nods where in one physical place and the distances between them is not more than three hundred meters, this assumption were made depending on the fact that the 1000Base T network cannot be efficient more than the distance mentioned above. Where the second major part is in physical locations that more in distance than the executive network, this was based on the assumption the multi-core fiber network can be distanced up to two to three kilometers. The network logical operations are all based around the IT data center (Apollo Group Inc. , 2008) since it contains the major servers and the NAS (Network Attached Storage) (About. com, 2011), it’s also included the internet gateway router that allows access to the Internet. Furthermore any access to the network from the external resources will be routed through the RAS (Remote Access Server). Depending on the current topologies readings, several recommendations are necessary to be done in order to keep the network efficiently operational, especially that some parts of the network are mission critical and it is very important to address the issues of availability and reliability. In nowadays network it is very efficient network structure practice to separate the network nods into groups, this will ensure efficiency in interconnection and data transmission, and furthermore it is also one of the famous security practices that will prevent networks in internal structure to access each other. This can be achieved through using VLAN (virtual LAN) practice (Cisco, 2002), that separates the network nods into groups, each group will be related only to that group nods, this can be done on the switch level (layer 2), and all the VLANs can be interacted with each other through the core switch (layer 3) which provides routing along with switching. This practice can reduce the load on the internal networks through reducing the broadcast messages to that VLAN member’s level, though freeing some bandwidth capacity to more important transmissions. Another important recommendation is necessary in data center, this will be the separation of the internet server from the internal network, and access it only using remote access methods in case access is needed, this will insure that there are no method of access the internal network only through the RAS server which forces authentication mechanisms to allow any external connection. It is obvious too that the current server array and the both data centers in the hospital’s network are missing one very important component, and that is the backup system, it is very important to include a backup server to the network to insure data replication is available in case of accidental data corruption or deletion, furthermore take a data snapshots in logical periods of time keeping them physically in another geographical place will be a very likely practice in case of catastrophic data loss. One of the very good utilities of the hospitals network is the availability of the wireless access on the ward level, this will insure instant connectivity to the hospitals network from the small mobile devices such as laptops or other Wi-Fi based medical devices such as the new cardiograph devices which shares data with the database servers through wireless connection. These wireless devices depending on the diagram specifications are in 5 gigahertz frequency which are not compatible with every laptop computer, a recommendation to replace them with 2. gigahertz frequency devices are more efficient in order to allow laptops to access the network. A special attention is needed in the security of these wireless access points by connecting them to a server like RAS server to authenticate the personnel accessing the network wirelessly before allowing the devices to use the network. This is very important practice to prevent a destructive intrusion into the network. The conclusion Patton – Fuller hospital’s network has the potential of a successfully designed network with some adjustments to the network configuration is essentially needed to insure availability and reliability. Adding backup system is also an important necessity to prevent data loss, and applying security policies and authentication mechanizes are also essential to ensure continuous network security and performance. References About. com. (2011). Introduction to NAS. Retrieved from http://compnetworking. about. om/od/itinformationtechnology/l/aa070101a. htm Apollo Group Inc.. (2008). Patton – Fuller IT Data Center Diagram. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Healthcare/PFCH/IT/ITDC. htm Apollo Group Inc.. (2008). Patton – Fuller Logical Network Diagram. Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Healthcare/PFCH/IT/ITLogNet. htm Cisco. (2002). VLAN Security Practice. Retrieved from http://www. cisco. com/warp/publi c/cc/pd/si/casi/ca6000/prodlit/vlnwp_wp. pdf

Develop a media plan Essay

Introduction I am going to define the EYWA company media requirements. And as well as identifying target audience and consumer profile, analysis the product market factor of the EYWA Company. Analysis the creative requirements of an advertising message and identifying media merchandising requirements , confirm the media budget and legal and voluntary constraints of the company of EYWA. 2. Characteristics of the target audience from the advertising brief. Earth sprite products are 100% natural and effective reasonable and innovative. The target audience consist of woman who are beauty conscious and who are looking for natural products. They are aware of the adverse effects of chemical-based skin care products. They are looking for natural products which are good value for money and will their skin looking rediant  and help fight aging. 3. Prepare a detailed consumer profile EWYA Company Demographic information Gender – Females Age – 25-54 Marital status: half of married and half of single Level of educational attained: females professional, Wives of professional Income – approximately $150,000 Geography profile- inner city and suburban areas Psychographic information: Activity Interest Opinion Values Lifestyle 4. Analyses market factor to determine the reach and frequency required for each of the advertising media suggested in the brief. Media strategy: EWYA Company using media for advertising such as TV, radio, woman’s magazines and health magazines. EWYA Company also using some of social website for examples Face book and twitter could also highly effective. Point of sale display in a major super market or chemist chain should also be considered. Level of involvement: TV, radio, and magazines and social media are high level involvement. Point of sale display in a major super market or chemist chain comes in low level involvement. Product usage and lifecycle: product usage is high and product life cycle comes in four sections. Advertising message characteristics: it is reasonable price and 100% Australia owned. Product characteristics: The entire earth sprite product contains tamanu oil which has a unique capacity to support the formation of new tissue. Eywa is 100% Australian owned. Ewya products price are very affordable rather than the competitors’ products. Competitive situation: other similar products on the market in term of product features and pricing. Create brand awareness for the Earth sprite products and differentiate the brand from its many competitors.  Media enviourment : it is combination of electronic and hardcopy media enviourment. 5. (a) creative requirement Eywa using mainstream media. Images Action Colour Words Music and sound Colour plays important part in advertising. colour perception controlled by brain, eyes and influencing our emotions and actions and we can use many colour such as black, blue, red, white, yellow, green, pink etc. Through the action add to the creative message by demonstrating how the product can be used and features of the products. Images based on the impact you want to make on the consumer. Music and sound I the key element in advertising like using the advertising slogan as part of the sound experience for the consumer can also make a big impact through brand association. The cost of this promotion is $5 million. Advertising message and media implication: the catchy slogan â€Å"Reconnect† with nature. Eywa is 100% Australian owned.  Ewya products price are very affordable rather than the competitors’ products. 6. Outline the product or service merchandising requirements Point of sale display space in a major super market or chemist chain should also be considered. Merchandising refer to any activity that aims to sell products or service using point of sale The product or service advertising be relevant to the specific communities. The product and service have an association with a specific media vehicle. A media merchandising strategy is to adopt a brand extension strategy. 7. Identify any relevant local, national or international legislation or standard that you may need to consider.

The purpose of human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The purpose of human rights - Essay Example The two are different despite the fact that they relate to one another2. Human rights are the freedoms and rights that all human beings have an entitlement to enjoy during their lifetime. They are the rights that the state has an obligation to provide to the citizens. They include the right to liberty, life, expression and thought, and equal treatment before the law. These rights express the various responsibilities that the government should provide to individuals and, responsibilities of the government authorities to groups or individuals3. The state bears the role of ensuring that all the citizens enjoy their rights. They are fundamental inalienable rights, which all people in the state have an entitlement to as human beings. The rights exist as legal or natural rights in both international and national law. Human rights are an international practice that prevails in policies of different states and, and in various activities organizations that are nongovernmental4. Human rights a re norms that protect people from legal, social, and political abuses. The source of conception of these rights is the treaties, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the human rights documents that people followed in international organizations. The Declaration of the rights clearly illustrates many human rights that all countries have a responsibility to protect and respect5. The rights fall into six key families, which include Security rights that protect all the people against crimes like murder, torture, rape, and massacre. Due process rights, which protect people against the abuse of legal system. The abuse includes imprisonment of individual without trial, excessive punishments, and secret trials6. Liberty rights protect individuals’ freedom in expression, belief, association, movement, and assembly. Political rights protect a person’s liberty to involve themselves in politics via various acts like assembly, communication, serving in public offices, and vot ing. Equality rights ensure equal citizenship, non-discrimination and equality before the law. Welfare rights ensure that an individual acquire quality education and that the government protects them from starvation and severe poverty. Group rights are also remarkably vital rights that the Universal Declaration leaves that protect the different ethnic groups from genocide. It also covers the ownership of various resources and territories by the groups7. The various ideas that led to the development of the human rights arose during the Second World War. In 1948, the United Nations made a remarkable step in adopting the Universal Declaration of Human rights. The societies that existed during the period had developed elaborate systems, political legitimacy, and conceptions of justice meant to realize human dignity. Another crucial issue that has contributed to the development of human rights is the secularization of the Judeo-Christian ethics by the Europeans. A human being gives birth to a baby who is equal in dignity to the mother8. Human beings have a conscience and reason that guides them to act to one another in the spirit of goodwill. Human rights form vocabularies that articulate the norms of various cultures that guide people to associate with one another effectively9. The widespread nature of agreements of international human rights provides the necessary support of the values that human widely share. Human rights norms are

Humans Are Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Humans Are Determined - Essay Example (Nithyananda, 2007,p. 101) The sage said that free will is something which a man is not born with and it was never something that man had struggled to win over. It has been gifted to man, by God, willingly, so that man can be morally responsible for all his deeds. Thus, in the mortal life, a man has to continuously face ‘prarabdha’ i.e. accumulated fate and only God and Guru have the power to save anyone if they wish. (Sen, 2010). So, if we go by the teachings of Paramhansa and as well as by all other great teachers of life, we tend to ask ourselves one very important question like â€Å"is it impossible for us to be free?† The renowned philosopher, D’Holbach for example has said that a man’s life is completely dictated by Nature and he has no role in it except to draw the line on the surface of the Earth which he has been asked to draw. He considered mythology as a reflection of Nature itself. According to him whatever a man does, whatever he thinks, we wishes for are the reflections of those properties which have been given into him by Nature and of those situations in which Nature has positioned him. Nature sends a man naked on this earth. The man quickly learns to cover himself, find food and shelter for himself and also to take care of other requisites. Each and every step taken by a man to sustain himself on this earth can be perceived as a long series of cause and effect. This can be called as the development of the first impulse given to him by none other than Nature itself. Nature operates through laws which are universal. Man must penetrate the secrets of Nature through his sens es, and must experience Nature to the fullest. Whenever he avoids drawing experience or gets diverted from his path, he falls into the pool of ignorance and suffering. It was the intention of Nature to give man the full happiness of freedom through all the attributes Nature has bestowed man with. However, that required searching

Innovation and Change - Open Innovation and Strategy Essay

Innovation and Change - Open Innovation and Strategy - Essay Example This creates proper competition in the market as the firms compete on specific value benefits to the customers. The computer industry across the world has greatly been disrupted by new innovations that are always meant to add value to the existing products in the market. Initially, mainframe computers were the only existing form of computers in the market. Such computers had the ability to address all the important needs of people at the time. However, developments in the computer industry led to the introduction of personal computers. These computers were not in any way seen as competitors to the mainframe computers. The personal computers therefore developed effectively without much influence on the mainframe computer market. In any case, these two types of computers had totally different applications in the market. However with time, the personal computers became a great threat to the operations of the mainframe computers which had very great limitations owing to their size and po rtability. This challenge eventually led to the disruption of the mainframe computer industry when the personal computers became much adopted in the market in contrast to the mainframe computers. ... This creates a lot of challenges in the market. The development of personal computers was for a long time totally unrelated to the mainframe computers market. Basically, personal computers were not used for industry applications since they were considered not powerful enough to perform such great tasks. However, with a lot of developments and innovation, much success has really been evidenced. The market for personal computers eventually became much greater than mainframe market. However, much disruption in the market is still expected given the introduction of minicomputers and other smaller computers. The major driving force behind this disruption is actually the need for efficiency and ease of operations. While mainframe computers are still much effective in industry applications, they greatly face a lot of competition from the personal computer market. Fundamentally, it has to be realized that personal computers were actually an innovation and development of the mainframe compute rs. These computers were basically an extension of the technology used in the mainframes which were in much use in the 1970s through to the 1980s. While the personal computers have greatly managed to bridge the gap that always existed in terms of computer applications in the market, some gaps still exist in the market which create the need for more innovation. In this regard, mainframe computers are widely used in industries due to their great speeds and processing ability. In organizational setups, such computers are often used to manage other computers in the organization. While such features are greatly valuable and demanded in the market, most personal computers do not have the ability to provide such

Apple Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Apple Inc - Case Study Example Before any firm initiates its plan therefore it must put in place a good resource base to help through proper management sail through market uncertainties. Apple Inc. prides itself a wide base of resource in terms of knowledge, entrepreneurship, financial and people. To date, Apple as a company has had the best selection of CEOs and employees to run its operation. The most outstanding being Steve Jobs who had a celebrated reputation of being creative head of the company. Apart from good generic strategies and core competence a company strong resource base in terms of people, knowledge, entrepreneurship and financial prowess. A firm’s success in employing its generic strategy and core competences depends on a good knowledge of the market and the ability of its management to read situation. Good decision making accompanied with a viability of financial resources will ensure better implementation of a firm’s generic strategy and core competences. Apple’s core competence as underlined earlier comprise of its outstanding leadership, hardware, culture and the most population innovative image. Leadership of a firm forms the basic fundamental of basis of resource mobilization and growth of a company of company resources. Apple Inc. has one of the team leaders in its management and this is a sure way of better resource management and implementation its core competences. Apple is also known for its innovation. Innovation supplements better good leadership to ensure better resource management and proper implementation of its core competences. Apple’s success is finally a function its generic strategy. In its strategy to outdo its competitors, Apple also employ a generic strategy based on differentiation and differentiation focus. In a world full of competition companies need good strategies to unlock potential markets and maintain those at hand. Apple Inc. has successfully implemented a differentiation

GWS ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

GWS - Essay Example the suffragette movement which was originated in XIX-XX century, since 1848, when in the city of Seneca Falls (NY, USA) the congress to protect the rights of women had passed under the slogan â€Å"All men and women are created equal†. Its key issue was to gain the right to vote for women. The congress proclaimed "The Declaration of Sentiments", which raised important issues such as womens equality in property rights in marriage, in the free choice of profession, in getting good education, and so on. The authors of this paper were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott (Lerner 1994). Another important figure in the womens movement in the second half of the XIX century was Emmeline Pankhurst, who was one of the founders of the movement for womens right to vote in elections. One of its goals was to debunk sexism, rooted in all levels of British society. In 1903, Pankhurst established an organization in defense of social and political rights of women (Womens Social and Political Union, WSPU), which had gathered 5000 members in a year (Davis 1999). After the members of the organization have become permanently subjected to arrest and imprisonment for trivial manifestations for the movement support, many of them have decided to express their protest with hunger strike. As the result the health of the hunger strikers was that seriously undermined, which drew attention to the unjustified cruelty of the legislative system of that time, and thus, to the ideas of feminism. Under pressure from the WSPU English Parliament passed a series of laws aimed to improve the status of women, and thus it gave women the right to vote in local elections since 1894 (Lerner 1994). The second half of the XX century (1960s) in world culture was marked by a â€Å"Second Wave† feminism, which was rethinking the role of women in society and was aimed to remove socio-cultural gender discrimination. Its followers understood that various forms of cultural and political inequality of women are

Global Economic Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Economic Issues - Essay Example Financial services organizations that act in the international arena in facilitating financial flows between lenders and borrowers have to operate in a strategically competitive environment that compels them to adopt a quintessentially ideological stance which Stiglitz (2008) attributes to the predominance of the financial community’s view of the world (Lechner and Boli, 2008, p. 204). Stiglitz’s tirade against globalism and its consequences is not a one-sided affair either. Criticism of Washington Consensus, which advocates a minimum role for the government while at the same time actively encouraging privatization and trade liberalization, has not been a recent phenomenon (Stiglitz, 2003). International financial services institutions play a major role in determining the very outcomes in globalization process to such an extent that their impact is felt in the far corners of the globe in every sphere of decision making including those of the central governments’ and local bodies’. According to Stiglitz international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB), have been pushing forth a particular line of â€Å"market fundamentalism† that pays little or no attention to third world countries’ diverse needs. This total irrelevancy of policies that these institutions advocate for developing countries is nothing new even in respect of those East Asian economies like South Korea and Taiwan. However these latter countries could successfully ignore the Washington dictated reformist formula and achieve a greater degree of equality among their citizens. Globalization and/or globalism particularly refer to a set of liberal economic principles that underlie the very nature of how best to expand international trade and commerce links beyond the national borders of countries (Nagdeman, 2009). While the underlying theoretical constructs basically refer to such parallel concepts as international free trade and

BUS 187 Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BUS 187 Project - Essay Example Hofstede also emphasized on the understanding of people’s behavior and thus their previous, present and future behavior can be predicted (Hofstede, 150). In this regard, five dimensions of culture have been identified: uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity versus femininity, individualism versus collectivism and long term versus short term orientation. France exhibit; 15-16 power distance, 10-11 individualism, 35-36 masculinity and 10-15 and uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 180). Individualism and collectivism have been cited as the most important aspects in which societies differ. According to Patwardhan (249), the understanding of the difference between individualistic and collectivist society is crucial in understanding consumer behavior (Patwardhan, 249). France with individualism versus collectivism index of 10th and 11th shows that it is highly individualistic. This shows that both countries are not compatible with direct selling as a strategy. Since France is highly individualistic, the ties between individuals are loose thus actions are rarely taken in a collective manner and everyone is expected to bother much about his or her immediate families (Patwardhan, 250). In this respect, the interest of French society does not prevail over the interest of individual members of the society. This is a very key factor L’OREA L Company in designing the brands and their respective marketing, promotional and advertisement campaigns. Unlike collectivism, the French think of themselves as â€Å"I† and do not act collectively or draw their identity from the society. This analysis therefore presents the consumer behavior of France which must be considered in marketing. France as an individualistic society does not promote direct selling as a mode of promotion of products. However, advertisement is likely to perform very well in

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Research Proposal Example Exemplary programs that effectively accomplish this goal can be seen as a model for others educational agencies in the area to follow. Due to the explosive growth of the at-risk population over the past few decades, it is now time to reflect on the successes and failures of various initiatives and policies designed to reverse the trend and help young people in this population graduate. Providing a wide range of educational options to at-risk youth is a relatively new concept in American education, but one that is gaining momentum nationwide. Educators and other interested stakeholders are now working hard to determine the types of programs that, if properly implemented, can help at-risk youth to be successful. The knowledge gained from this research study will be useful in providing much needed information to the public and private educational sectors. This study will, therefore, provide information that individuals associated with educating at-risk youth can use to implement more ef fective programs that reach this population in a positive way. Statement of the Problem The problem is that high school students around the country are dropping out of school at alarming rates (Bracy, 2006). ... 270). Many strategies being implemented today focus on the needs of students at-risk of dropping out of school prior to graduation. Community members and concerned stakeholders, namely the public at large, sincerely hope that these new initiatives will provide a much needed spark to the role that education plays in society and, in particular, to the at-risk student population. Significance of the Problem This proposed study is important because it will examine avenues that local and state governments can explore to encourage young people to graduate high school. Because many areas of the country have historically encountered great difficulty in this area, various programs have been introduced and developed over time to help address the problem. Current data indicates, however, that these programs are not having much, if any, impact on graduation rates in many areas (Quach, 2005, p. 71). This study will then focus on discovering those initiatives that proving effective and can serve a s models for future at-risk education in other localities across the country. American society has long feared the implications of an uneducated populace. The purpose of the educational system in this country has been predicated on the premise that teachers prepare young people to become positive contributors to society (Sadker & Sadker, 2010). The significance of this reality is that educated people tend to offer their community more valuable services and skills and are less likely to exhibit negative behaviors. Currently, however, America is suffering from high drop out rates and some states are beginning to see a significant decrease in the number of at-risk youth going on to

Event Management Essay Example for Free

Event Management Essay Introduction To fulfill their various roles within destination planning and place promotion, events must be managed as high-quality products with a strong tourism orientation. This is a major challenge, given that most festivals and special events are managed by non-profit organizations in which volunteers dominate. One-time events employ project management techniques to produce an event on a prescribed date, often with years of planning and development. They face special challenges, including protests or political interference, fast-tracking through regulatory channels, shifting priorities and uncertain resource commitments, staff turnover or burn-out, and the temptation to make quality compromises when time and money run low. Event programs are composed of a number of generic elements of style, and managers have unlimited scope in combining them to achieve uniqueness. Celebration is the essence of festivals. Spectacle, including entertainment, consists of those components which please the eye or are larger than life displays. Commerce is a feature of many events, including exhibits and merchandising. Hospitality refers to both the reception and service quality experienced by guests and the opportunity for sponsors to host their clients, staff and associates. Games is a broad element involving competitions, gambling, humor and surprise. Educational components are often important, and cultural authenticity must be considered. A marketing audit can be performed on events to determine their attractiveness and readiness to host tourists. Some of the key elements are sufficient in appeal and quality to attract and satisfy tourists, a theme and setting which conveys an attractive image, a targeted communications campaign with identified tourist segments, a program which provides generic benefits for all visitors and targeted benefits for special tourism interests, provision of special services need by tourists (for example, accessibility, reception of tour groups, additional information, languages, reserved seating), packaging for tourists, relationships with the tour and hospitality sectors, cooperative marketing involving destination marketing agencies and other events, sponsorship which extends the reach of the events appeal and communications, and site and community capacity to accommodate substantial numbers of visitors. Recent research has given an added attention to the theme of event management. event marketing The sponsorship or production of events as a marketing tool, specifically to connect with target audiences, build relationships, sell merchandise and achieve positive publicity, includes some of what is known as event marketing. In return for money, goods or services, events provide sponsors with specific benefits such as visibility, sales promotions, onsite exhibitions and hospitality venues. Explosive growth in event sponsorship occurred during and following the Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games of 1984. The events sector has since been revolutionized, giving rise to larger budgets, more attention to marketing, merchandising and media coverage, and the forging of corporate partnerships. Sponsors often augment the reach of event promotions and provide valued technical expertise. Tourism and event development organizations actively promote destinations through events, and this process is largely dependent on the creation of media-oriented events with international sponsors. One consequence of this trend has been a rise in ambush marketing, in which corporations seek to gain advantages through surrounding promotions without actually sponsoring the event. Confusion can also result when event sponsors differ from the sponsors of participants, such as athletes, and from media advertisers. Another trend had been for corporations to seek equity in events, or even to create their own events. This could threaten relationships with some events and result in less sponsorship money. Similarly, moves in some jurisdictions to ban advertising and sponsorship, especially from alcohol or tobacco companies, is also viewed as a threat to the events sector. To be sustainable in the long term, there must be a congruence of goals and styles among sponsors and event organizers, with clear benefits to each party, customers and other participants (Cooper Press, 1995). In some cases these partnerships are leading to environmental and educational programs at events, to heightened community involvement by corporations, and to a resurgence of the arts. Event marketing has had the effect of elevating event tourism into prominence, not just as a special-interest market but as a major tool in destination image-making. Feasibility Study/Overview Report The structure of the fashion market is illustrated in Figure 1. FifthElement produces collections termed either ready-to-wear or designer wear, or prà ªt-à  -porter. Garments are highly priced. Designs are produced in limited numbers and the quality must be of a high standard. There are two main collections a year (plus mid-seasons). The collections may be shown on the catwalks of London, Paris, Milan and New York. In the 1980s and early 1990s,FifthElement was producing two collections a year to show on the international catwalks. The event process for a collection is outlined in Figure 2. The stages are as follows: Figure 1 Structure of the Fashion Industry Figure 2 The event process for a collection at FifthElement Menswear †¢ The initial theme or story for the collection. Themes have to be innovative and somewhat original as what these designers create will trickle down to the high street. †¢ The International Wool Secretariat, ICI, the Silk Board, the Cotton Board all provide predictions for colors and fabrics they think will sell next season. The color palette should be decided upon before the fabric show is visited. How much per meter of cloth the designer can spend depends on that particular collection, cash flow, sponsorship and the designers preference (Sproles Burns, 1994). †¢ Mood boards/Story boards. Usually numerous A1 or A2 boards convey the collections themes, images, fabrics and color palette (Davis, 1992). It becomes a reference point while designing. It visually pulls all the research together. †¢ Designing. Sketches working drawings and/or illustrations are made. Because of the type and size of the company, FifthElement does not need to produce specification drawings. They collaborates with their pattern cutter to ensure designs are interpreted correctly. Clothes may be modeled on the stand (tailoring dummy) in which case a toile (a prototype of a half-garment used to construct a pattern) is used to create a pattern or a block (standard pattern) may be adapted. A calico garment is constructed from the pattern to assess its function, aesthetics and styling. †¢ The sample garment or final garment is made. This is the garment the model will wear down the catwalk and orders will be made from and further manufacturing will be based on (Chenoune, 1993). †¢ The fashion show will require more than just the garments as it is a marketing event. Within the industry it is usual for companies to have sponsorship from other companies. Enigma Fibres sponsored FifthElements 1994-5 Autumn/Winter collection. This allows FifthElement to reduce their costs and the sponsor to gain publicity. At the show, buyers will order designs they like. It is also where the designer either receives good or bad publicity, depending on the quality of work at the show. †¢ Manufacturing and retailing of collections. When a suitable price is negotiated with a manufacturing company, the range goes into production. Fabric is re-ordered in bulk. Orders are delivered or shipped out. FifthElement will not retail their collection in-store until orders are received and prices are standardized (Dunn, 1996). As a consequence, this will ensure that the supplying company does not undercut their customers. Table 1 Requirements for FifthElement Autumn/Winter 1999-2000 collection The Collection (54 garments shown) Budget Fabric 100 meters @  £10.00 per meter (average)  £1,000 4 models for the fashion show @  £650 per model  £2,600 4 models for fittings @  £100  £400.00 Sound, light and seating  £1,000 Styling  £750.00 Hair and make-up  £400.00 Accessories  £250.00 Hospitality based on 100 people  £1,000 Invitations  £500.00 Total  £7,900 The company has to have a significant amount of cash to participate in designer shows (see Table 1). To research and stage a collection costs over  £10,000. To show the collection together costs  £10,000, plus another  £10,000 to produce customer orders. There will be no return on investment on the initial collection for about a year. After six months, work begins on the next collection. Before any profit is made a cash flow sum of  £40,000- £50,000 is needed. Due to the large amount of money required and to increase the choice to customers in the retail outlet, small collections are put together in-store. Usually in-store ranges are planned four to six months in advance. The timescale of a collection can take up to a year (see Table 2). Table 2 A collection plan produced by Flash Box Studios Timescale Collection tasks Estimated costs Oct-Nov 2002 Research and Development for Autumn/ Winter 2003/9 Collection  £10,000 March 2003 Paris Catwalk A/W 2003/9 Show  £10,000 April 2003 RD for Summer 2004  £10,000 March-Sept 2003 Orders and Production  £10,000 By Sept 2003 Wholesale orders out and in-store retailing October 2003 Next designers show s/s 2004  £10,000 Oct-Nov 2003 Return on Investment Proposed Organizational Structure and Monitoring Systems Wholesale collections are similarly conducted. Cost is worked out by fabric per meter, the actual cloth consumption, patterns, buttons, trimmings and how long the garment takes to make or how much the factory charges. As a general rule, the mark-up is 100 per cent for wholesale and 250 per cent for retail. Buying Buying operates for Autumn/Winter and Spring/Summer like the ready-to-wear. Items must fit in with the seasons theme. New suppliers are researched from trade magazines, trade shows, suppliers phone calls and word of mouth (other designers). A performance management system, which cascades an organizations top level objectives down through successive layers of managers and front-line staff, may be one useful method of communicating goals, such as the need for effective event management (Turner, 1999). A budget is set for each supplier depending on the seasons requirements (Feldwick, 1991). Suppliers are kept depending on the sales performance of previous merchandise and whether the product is classed as trendy or classic as the former has a higher turnover but a shorter lifecycle. Suppliers who have remained constant over time include John Smedley, N-Peal, Burlington and Creed Harris. Technology The company attempted to integrate CAD/CAM into the bespoke side of the business to automate the process of tailoring. The idea was that a shift towards technology would enable the company to offer the service on a larger, less expensive scale. Two systems were introduced (Behling Wilch, 1988). The range of sizes is wider than off-the-peg suits, but not as precise as traditional manual methods. There are forty-one different jacket sizes available without vents or with one or two vents, and in twenty-eight different finishes available on the Scabal Iota system. The CAD/CAM system brings up the nearest pattern match from its database and adjusts the pattern on the Gerber system. Regardless of how vast the database is, it still is somewhat limited and inflexible in comparison to traditional tailoring practices. In contrast, fabric technology helped to increase the companys market position and status in the industry. Enigma Fibres sponsored FifthElement Menswear Winter 1994-5 collection by providing the fabric Tencel. The collection marked the re-launch of FifthElements ready-to-wear collections and their return to commercial fashion. The association between the two companies ensured an increase in press coverage, which was beneficial to both parties. The technological, environmental and functional aspects of Tencel produced in classic designs were popular but for a company which only produces limited designs the research and uses of technologically advanced fabrics are costly (Aaker, 1991). Identifying and evaluating the FifthElement brand The primary aim of organizational analysis is to illustrate how market research can be used to create a strong brand identity (UK Marketing Guides, 1995) for FifthElement and to establish that identity as an effective form of communication between the company and its respective audience. The audience for FifthElement Menswear is shown in Table 3. Table 3 The audience and aims of FifthElement Menswear Audience Aims Customers To instill loyalty General public Enhance awareness of the company and products The media Communicate new strategy and performance/increase awareness Financial Communicate new strategy The industry Differentiate products and services from that of competitors Local community Communicate commitment to growth Internal Set an agenda and common objectives team work Influential groups Show commitment to the environment Government Communicate commitment to growth and global markets The aims are communicated to by the various designed elements of the company. What these elements (or channels of communication) are is relative. In a market characterized by products with little generic differentiation, the fashion own brand has emerged as the cornerstone of marketing strategies (Moore, 1995). Wilson suggests (1982) brand image can be broken down further into: †¢ current image how audiences see the company; †¢ mirror image how the company sees itself; †¢ wish image the way the company would like to be seen. Figure 3 shows how a brand identity program is created. The FifthElement brand will be identified by: †¢ explaining motivation and design policy; †¢ identifying how the company would like to be seen (the wish image) established from the company mission and philosophy; †¢ investigating the design elements of the company and what they communicate (involves observing the mirror images); †¢ auditing design elements on an evaluation scale based on the wish image; †¢ describing the brand according to six levels of meaning; Figure 3 Creating a brand identity program †¢ comparing competitors brands (names, symbols and logos) and finding common elements and characteristics of the industry; †¢ the FifthElement sample logo; †¢ conclusion of findings and recommendations. Purchasing motivation and design policy Design communicates messages about the company to its audiences. Audiences must be able to decode these messages with minimum effort and this is achieved by a strong coherent and consistent brand identity. An effective design policy, which describes the context and constraints within which a company carried out design work can ensure this (Forsythe, 1991). It describes in design terms how customers needs and wants are being met. Design policy at FifthElement Menswear is not documented, nor is their design process. Because the company has a typical entrepreneurial structure, little is formalized. The managing director rarely has time to communicate the policy verbally, therefore they cannot communicate it to customers or ensure that work meets set standards (Goffee Scase, 1995). Design policy must be formalized and standards set to measure the effectiveness of design if the company is to move forward. Van Der Wagon Carlos (2005) identified that the role of the coordinator was often imprecisely defined, with real responsibility remaining with the recurring-event manager. The wish image The companys specific mission, or the purpose for the companys existence is: †¢ to design modern classics; †¢ to create aesthetic garments of unmistakable quality; †¢ to ensure the company conveys comfort (in its clothing and environment); †¢ to ensure the company conveys quality; †¢ to provide traditional skills and expertise; †¢ to support and exhibit art. After investigating the style and content of design communication, it can be audited against these objectives. Passing trade At just under six square miles, Islington is one of the smallest boroughs in London, with a population of 164,000. It is characterized by contrast, vitality and modern cultural diversity. Upper Street is home to the Business Design Centre (BDC) which separates two distinct shopping areas. On one side towards Angel, there is the high street multiple chains, which are easily recognizable. On the other, towards Highbury and Islington there are independent retail outlets very high in design content and product price. FifthElement is situated in the latter part at 186 Upper Street. Renowned for its innovative window displays, the company changes them every 1-2 weeks. The windows of the shop front are curved with a tiled path. The window display area has a polished wooden floor with a backdrop of mirrors. Often done in conjunction with a company called Urban Roots, examples of displays include a window full of daffodils in spring, with a merchandised mannequin in the centre. Sometimes the window display is a piece of artwork combined with merchandise, such as the yes/no heads and two wooden/mechanical heads, shaking and nodding. Not only does this promote local art but also provides local artists with a place to sell their work. Customer service The bespoke service is as it was fifty years ago the customer is made to feel important with personal attention and advice. FifthElement understands fully their craft, enabling him to provide an impeccable consultancy service to bespoke customers. The only problem is enabling customers to visualize a 3D-product prior to its construction (Huddleston, et. Al, 1993). Once the customer has the suit, it is more or less guaranteed for two years. FifthElement will even press the suit after its first dry-clean, out of courtesy. Repairs are part of the service. Merchandise can be exchanged if unsuitable, but there is no formal policy on returns and no set complaints procedures. Assessing general service is also fundamental, as this is an asset which can differentiate a company from their competitors. Below are some questions that the company may need to ask about their general standard of service: †¢ Is the telephone answered in 3-4 rings? †¢ Is there somewhere for clients to rest? †¢ Are the staff attentive? †¢ Are products guaranteed? †¢ Are customers served immediately? †¢ Are individual complaints handled effectively and efficiently? †¢ Are refreshments offered to bespoke customers? It would also be advantageous for the company to have a complaints book to log all complaints, so they could be prevented from recurring. This will help the company assess in the short term what customers expect. However, it must be remembered that for every customer who is dissatisfied and complains, there are many who are equally dissatisfied yet, for reasons best known to themselves, they say nothing (Leppard and Molyneux, 1994). Products as objects Fabrics and patterns are sent to manufacturers who make a sample garment before the line goes into full production. Generally, fifty garments at a time is regarded the maximum, possibly in five styles. FifthElement himself checks quality control. It is a general check of the cut-make-trim (CMT).Although visual defects are checked manually, garments or cloth are not checked for quality assurance. Performance characteristics are neither checked nor presented to the customer as a measure of quality. These include: †¢ shrinkage (BS 5807); †¢ colourfastness (BS 1006); †¢ dry cleaning/washing (BS 4961); †¢ durability and maintenance (BS 5807); †¢ other care characteristics; †¢ fire resistance. It is not suggested that the company attempts to comply with British or European Standards. BS 5750 (ISO 9001) is often difficult in its application for companies, particularly of this size, to comply with. However, there is nothing to prevent the company producing its own standard based on BS/ISO 9000. Conclusion Effective Event management needs to be focused upon processes and assets as means to an end. The growing reliance of organizations upon one another, and upon technology and infrastructure, has also been cited as supporting the view that Event management matters more today than at any other point in history. Soft and hard system elements must be considered together and that organizations themselves may incubate the potential for interruptions. Managerial intervention plays a vital role in causing crises or in mitigating their effects. Whilst no methodology can guarantee that interruptions will be avoided, it is argued that adopting a broad methodology will assist organizations to be better prepared. The Event management process should be regularly reviewed and updated to ensure that the resulting plans remain appropriate. It is appropriate to examine some general principles of planning which apply equally, in which the planning processes specifically concerned with recurring-event are considered in greater detail. One of the first issues facing an organization setting out to develop a recurring-event plan is that of who should be primarily responsible within the organization for the research, planning, analysis and drafting of preliminary plans. Although the planning process requires a dedicated project manager it also normally needs senior management support. Given that the planning process requires information which can only be gathered and ascertained from individuals across many parts of the organization, participation in the process is considered essential. Many successful organizations place recurring-event within a central department that has responsibility for strategic planning and analysis amongst other tasks (Barnard, 1996). A useful model includes a steering group to support the project manager. This steering group should include senior and influential staff from different units or departments. A further problem which arises from the outset of any planning process, whether this be strategic, functional or recurring-event oriented, is the legacy hindrance. Organizations are complex socio-technical systems which reflect antecedents such as decisions, systems, structures, values and beliefs. The influence on strategy of an organizations structure has long been recognized (Chandler, 1962) and, despite considerable debate in this respect, structure should remain a focus of attention since it offers one manner in which the organization can be viewed and, therefore, analyzed. The way in which one perceives an organization can often determine the decisions and actions that are taken. In a recurring-event context (and in practical terms) many organizations find themselves in a brownfield planning context. This means that managers involved must recognize that they cannot make sweeping changes to the organization and its social and technical systems. They must plan in their context. This does not necessarily mean that they should eschew possibilities for greenfield planning. Analysts have observed that organizations may design in redundant computer-processing capacity and facilities as a contingency for interruptions. Hence, the challenges facing planners in brownfield and greenfield situations are not dissimilar from those which emanate from process redesign (Baugh Davis, 1989). The perception of failure may also influence the discovery process that precedes the development of recurring-event plans. In some organizations, failure is considered to be a positive side-effect from which discovery and subsequent improvements can be effected. Managerial recommendation is clear: Awareness has to be developed first (Catherwood Richard, 1992). Equally, planners should be aware of the symbolism that failure can bring. The plan itself could be blamed, or specific individuals could be blamed. The failure itself is more nebulous, and unless it is thoroughly understood, there could be little, if any, improvement should similar circumstances arise in the future. Resources Aaker, A.D. (1991) Managing Brand Equity. Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, New York: The Free Press. Barnard, D. (1996) Fashion as Communication, London: Routledge. Baugh, D.F. and Davis, L.L. (1989) The effect of store image on consumers perceptions of designer and private label clothing, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 7 (3), p. 15. Behling, D. and Wilch, J. (1988) Perceptions of branded clothing by male consumers, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 6 (2), p. 46. Chenoune, F. (1993) A History of Mens Fashion, Paris: Flammarion. Cooper, R. and Press, M. (1995) The Design Agenda, Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Catherwood, Dwight W., and Richard L. Van Kirk. The Complete Guide to Special Event Management. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992. Davis, F. (1992) Fashion, Culture and Identity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dunn, B. (1996) Lauren to himself, GQ, April, p. 157. Feldwick, P. (1991) Defining a brand, in D. Cowley (ed.) Understanding Brands, London: Kogan Page, pp. 19-28. Forsythe, S.M. (1991) Effect of private, designer and national brand names on shoppers perception of apparel quality and price, Clothing Textiles Research Journal, 9 (2), 1-6. Goffee, R. and Scase, R. (1995) Corporate Realities, London: Routledge. Huddleston, P., Cassill, N. and Hamilton, L. (1993) Apparel selection criteria as predictors of brand orientation, Clothing Textiles Research Journal, 12 (1), 51-6. Model-Netics. ( 1980). Sacramento, CA: Main Event Management Corporation. Moore, C.M. (1995) From rags to riches creating and benefiting from the fashion own brand, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 23 (9), 23. MCCURLEY LYNCH, THE VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK, Heritage Arts Publishing, Illinois, 1996 Sorensen, C. (1995) The fashion market and the marketing environment, in M. Easy (ed.) Fashion Marketing, Oxford: Blackwell Science. Sproles, G. and Burns, L.D. (1994) Changing Appearances: Understanding Dress in Contemporary Society, New York: Fairchild, p. 7. Turner, JR (1999) Handbook of Project-Based Management, McGraw Hill Maidenhead UK Marketing Guides (1995) Postcode Targeter of Great Britain: A Guide to Postcode Sector Marketing, (vols 1 and 2), London: HarperCollins. Van Der Wagon, L. Carlos, B. (2005) Event Management for Tourism, Cultural, Business and Sporting Events, Pearson, Sydney. Wilson, (1982), Marketing Audit Checklists, Maidenhead, Berks: McGraw-Hill.

Business Ethics and Communication

Business Ethics and Communication Negotiation: Negotiation can be defined as a strategy by which individuals settle contrasts or any disputes. It is a procedure by which trade off or understanding is come to while keeping away from contention and dispute. Negotiation is a technique by which individuals settle contrasts. It is a procedure by which compromise or understanding is come to while keeping away from contention. In any contradiction, people justifiably expect to accomplish the most ideal result for their position (or maybe an association they speak to). Nonetheless, the standards of fairness, seeing common advantage and keeping up a relationship are the eyes to an effective result specific types of negotiation are utilized as a part of numerous circumstances worldwide undertakings, the legitimate system, government, modern question or household connections as examples. Notwithstanding, general negotiations can be learned and connected in an extensive variety of exercises. Arrangements can be of incredible advantage in settling any distinctions that emerge amongst you and others. Negotiation is a discourse between at least two individuals or gatherings, expected to reach an understanding, resolve purpose of distinction, or pick up preferred standpoint in result of exchange, to produce heaps of activity, to can anticipate individual or aggregate favorable position, to craft outcomes to fulfill different interests of two people parties required in arrangement handle. Negotiation is a procedure where every gathering required in arranging tries to pick up leverage for themselves before the end of the procedure. Negotiation is proposed to go for trade off. Arrangement happens in business, non profit associations, and government branches, legitimate procedures, among countries and in individual circumstances, for example, marriage, separate, child rearing, and everyday life. he investigation of the subect is called negotiation hypothesis. professional arbitrators are often particular, for example, union moderators, influence buyout mediators, peace negotiators, hostage mediators, or may under different titles, for example, representatives, administrators, etc. Negotiation Theory: The establishments of negotiation theory are choice examination, behavioral basic leadership, amusement hypothesis, and negotiation investigation. Another grouping of hypotheses recognizes Structural Analysis, Strategic Analysis, Process Analysis, Integrative Analysis and behavioral examination of negotiations. People ought to make partitioned, intelligent choices; and negotiation investigation considers how gatherings of sensibly brilliant people ought to and could make joint, communitarian choices. These hypotheses are interleaved and ought to be drawn closer from the manufactured point of view. Negotiation Process: With a specific end goal to accomplish an attractive result, it might be valuable to take after an organized way to deal with negotiation. For instance, in a work circumstance an addressing may should be organized in which all gatherings included can meet up. i) Preparation and Planning: Prior to the begin of negotiations one must know about clash, the history prompting to the negotiation the general population included and their view of the contention desires from the negotiations and so forth. ii) Ground Rules definition: Once the arranging and technique is created, one needs to start characterizing the guidelines and methodology with the other party over the negotiation itself that will do the negotiation. iii) Clarification and Justification: At the point when beginning positions host been traded both the gatherings will clarify enhance, illuminate, support and legitimize their unique requests. This need not be fierce. iv) Bargaining and Problem Solving: The quintessence of the negotiation process is the genuine give and take in attempting to hash out an assention, an appropriate deal. It is here where concessions will without a doubt should be made by both sides. v) Closing and Implementation: The last stride in the negotiation process is formalization the understanding that has been worked out and creating and strategies that are essential for execution and observing. Influence of Negotiation in business outcomes: The nature of a negotiation relies on two things; the nature of the essential relationship between the gatherings included and the nature of the correspondence that happens. A decent association with great correspondence between gatherings ought to empower fruitful negotiation. A poor association with poor correspondence is probably not going to add up to much. The way of a relationship thusly has an effect upon the nature of correspondence inside it. In the event that we dont believe somebody, we are in risk of either dismissing what they say or searching for shrouded implications that might possibly really exist. The way of a relationship impacts intensely upon negotiation and is a noteworthy affecting variable on the probability of tasteful results. Subsequently we will take a gander at connections from another edge that of force and perceive how this new perspective is probably going to affect arranging strategies. When we get to be distinctly mindful of something or somebody interestingly, we go into an association with that thing or individual. Connections can be straightforward your association with somebody who serves you in a shop, or complex your association with your mom. As connections turn out to be more intricate, they can be distinguished by a developing level of reliance as it were, the amount we require whoever or whatever it is. 1.2 Skills of Negotiation: Some of the effective negotiation skills are as: i) Problem Analysis, ii) Active Listening, iii) Emotional Control, Verbal Communication, Collaboration and Teamwork, Decision Making ability, Interpersonal skills, etc. Approaches of Negotiation: There are four approaches of negotiation that are defined as under: i) Win-Lose Approach: This is likewise called aggressive, zero entirety, or asserting quality approach. This approach depends on the preface that one individual can win just to the detriment of the other. ii) Lose-Lose Approach: This arrangement approach is embraced when one arranging accomplice feels that his own particular advantages are debilitated and he does whatever he can to guarantee that the result of the negotiation is not reasonable to the interests of the other party too. iii) Compromise Approach: This approach gives a result which is some change over the dilemma result. To stay away from a predicament, both sides surrender a part of what they had initially looked for and settle for something not as much as that. iv) Win-Win Approach: This arrangement approach is likewise called as collective or making esteem approach. It is better than all arrangement approaches. It brings about both the gatherings feeling that they are accomplishing what they needed. Tactics of Negotiation: Six most important tactics of negotiation are as: i) Sharing information ii) Rank order priorities iii) Know target price and walkaway terms iv) Make first offer v) Do not counter too low vi) Counter offer should make both parties satisfied Part 2 2.1Â  Developing strategy by using negotiation theory and process in order achieve positive outcome for the business: Taking the case Between Kiwi Bank and Investor Be understandable and manufacture esteem. This is vital, and its what isolates the great mediators from the bosses. When you have a solid faith in what youre negotiating for, you will sparkle. Turned into an ace at introducing your considerations and thoughts with the goal that others see the esteem. A tip on the best way to do that wellÂÂ   is to be immediate while displaying a circumstance. Be clear about what is normal. Examine approaches to apply how it can happen. Dont just discuss what requirements to happen. Give and Take: At the point when a man surrenders something or yields on part of a negotiation, dependably try to receive something consequently. Else, youre molding the other party to request increasingly while diminishing your position and esteem. Keeping up an adjust will build up that both sides are equivalent. 2.2Â  Meeting notes: When you have an issue, when theres something you participate in with Kiwi Bank that requires understanding so it turns into a negotiation, the principal exhortation is to think in association terms, truly concentrate on a shared objective, of getting expenses out, for instance, and make inquiries. Try not to make requests or statementsyou know, would we be able to do this better et cetera. In the event that the association with Kiwi Bank is really an organization, negotiating to determine contrasts ought not jeopardize the tenor of the association. Dont invest energy complaining. Be issue solvers. Approach Kiwi Bank by saying, We should cooperate and drive costs down and create it so much less expensive you dont need to supplant me, in light of the fact that on the off chance that you work with me I could improve. Learn from and campaign with individuals and their accomplices who have validity, and with individuals having issues in the field. Dont disregard little issues or let things rot. Do not let Kiwi Bank turn out to be more than 20% of your organizations business. Its difficult to consult with an organization that controls yours. Never go into a meeting without a reasonable plan. Make great utilization of the purchasers exposure. Leave with answers. Try not to make casual conversation. Come to the heart of the matter; their time is profitable. Convey fundamental issues to the surface. Assault them head on and discover determination up close and personal. Trying to feign Kiwi Bank is never a smart thought. There is dependably somebody willing to do it less expensive to pick up the business. You need to regard the relationship as a marriage. Correspondence and bargain is critical. Dont underestimate that in light of the fact that the purchaser is youthful they dont recognize what they are discussing or that it will be a simple offer. Most youthful purchasers are extremely driven to climb inside the organization and can be a portion of the hardest, most taught purchasers you will experience. Know your item the distance from the creation stance to the end utilize. Odds are your purchaser does, and will anticipate that you will be much more proficient. Part 3 3.1Â  Reflective report in order to analyse performance in applying negotiation strategy: Dissects a progression of effective arrangement making systems valuable when negotiating with a capable accomplice Kiwi Bank, the nzs famous bank, sold $315 billion worth of products in 2006. With its determined concentrate on EDLP (ordinary low costs) and the ability to represent the moment of truth; providers, an association with Kiwi Bank is either the Holy Grail or the kiss of death, contingent upon ones point of view. There are various media records of the corporate stone monument riding its providers into the ground. In any case, shouldnt something be said about the individuals who figure out how to survive, and flourish, while managing the exemplary hardball arbitrator? In Sarah Talley and Frey Farms Produce: Negotiating with Kiwi Bank and Tom Muccio: Negotiating the PG Relationship with Kiwi Bank, HBS educator Jim Sebenius and Research Associate Ellen Knebel demonstrate two altogether different associations doing only that. The cases are a piece of an arrangement that include hard dealing circumstances. The idea of win-win dealing is a decent and effective message, Sebenius says, yet a great deal of our understudies and administrators confront partners who arent occupied with playing by those standards. So what happens when you experience somebody with a lot of force, as Kiwi Bank, who is additionally a definitive non-debatable accomplice? The case points of interest how PG official Tom Muccio pioneers another provider bank organization amongst PG and Kiwi Bank. Based on closeness (Muccio migrated to Kiwi Banks turf in Arkansas) and developing trust (both sides in the end disposed of expound legitimate contracts for Letters of Intent), the new relationship concentrated on building up a joint vision and critical thinking process, data sharing, and by and large moving far from the most reduced shared element estimating issues that had characterized their communications beforehand. From 1987, when Muccio started the progressions, to 2003, in the blink of an eye before his retirement, PGs deals to Kiwi Bank developed from $350 million to $7.8 billion. There are evident contrasts amongst PG and a much littler substance like Frey Farms, Sebenius notes. Kiwi Bank could plainly live without Frey Farms, however its quite difficult to live without Tide and Pampers. References Negotiation Process [Online] Retrieved from: https://iedunote.com/negotiation-process-five-steps (Accessed on 29-12-2016) Negotiation Theory [Online] Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation_theory (Accessed on 29-12-2016) Negotiation and business outcomes [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.shell-livewire.org/business-library/employing-people/management/resource-management-working-with-suppliers/Negotiation-4-Relational-influence-and-power/ (Accessed on 30-12-2016) Negotiation tactics [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2013/12/05/six-surprising-negotiation-tactics-that-get-you-the-best-deal/2/#2d18685837e9 (Accessed on 30-12-2016) Negotiation Approaches [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.managementstudyhq.com/approaches-to-negotiation.html (Accessed on 30-12-2016) Developing strategy [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.vistage.com/blog/growth-strategy/six-successful-strategies-for-negotiation/ (Accessed on 30-12-2016)

International Warfare Essay -- American History Essays

International Warfare International warfare has always been a topic of debate and that debate increased greatly throughout the 1990s. The conduct of individual states, previously regarded as an exclusively domestic matter, is now of international concern. That international concern has spread to encompass several areas within the domain of international warfare, from the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty to the Genocide Convention to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. It is this last treaty that has been the subject of much international attention in the last few years. That attention was generated through a multitude of causes including: the joint awarding of the 1997 Nobel Peace Price to Jody Williams and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines; the involvement of the late Princess Diana with the cause; the awareness efforts of organizations such as Amnesty International to publicize the effects of mines; and , last but not least, the drafting and signing into effect of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. The resulting media coverage and public awareness has resulted in increased initiatives to ban land mines and public outcry over the effect of landmines on affected areas. It is those effects and initiatives that provide the motivation for the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Landmines and on their Destruction and some of the controversy surrounding it. According to the Mine Action Information Center at James Madison University, eighty nations and territories thro... ... mines are impressive and the educational initiatives helpful, but the realities remain. The United States needed to provide an example back in 1997 of how a country maintains a humanitarian focus while refining the rules of war. Instead, the United States hid behind President Clinton’s pleas on the behalf of American troops and the limited aid efforts it provided. 2002 places the United States at a precipice and the time to choose is now. Currently engaged in a war without an end in sight, the United States is focused on the now and the methods of warfare. Reform efforts are far from the top of the list, but they should be right up there. There is no better time to send the message that although America is pursuing victory at what seems all costs, the U.S. still realizes that â€Å"at all costs† is not just for now but that the effects reach far into the future.

Lord of the Flies :: essays papers

Lord of the Flies Artificial Restraints in Lord of the Flies "GOLDING PUTS SO MANY ARTIFICIAL RESTRAINTS ON HIS STORY IN ORDER TO EMPHASISE HIS POINT, THAT THE WHOLE THING COMES OUT TOO NEATLY AND, IN FACT, REDUCES THE POWER OF HIS MESSAGE." I think that, while the boys experience immense bad luck due to the author, the story still proves its point. It is still possible though, that the bad luck of the boys could have been experienced in real life. I think that without this bad luck, the point of the story wouldn’t be as great, because without the restraint’s Golding placed on the boys, life on the island would have been too easy for the boys. The major constraint that Golding puts on the boys is the personality clash between Jack and Ralph. From the beginning, when Ralph is elected leader, Jack hates Ralph, and towards the end of the book, the feeling becomes mutual. Without Jack and Ralph’s problems, life would have been easy, and the ‘darkness of man’s heart’ would not have been conveyed to the reader. Jack shows ‘the darkness’ and if he and Ralph had just been friends, there would never have been an opportunity for Jack to show this darkness which lurked beneath the surface. Golding also uses the dead pilot conveniently against the boys - the way in which he is caught in the trees just in the right position to be caught by the wind and look like the beast and the way the wind picks up after Simon has let him down from the trees and carries him out to sea, so that the other boys cannot see that it wasn’t a beast. The author uses the boy’s fear against them, and although this could possibly happen in the situation, Golding uses it as a weapon against them, their morale and their companionship. I think that the boys split up and go to Jack because of the fear - he can kill the beast, he can get them meat, and if they ever get upset, he can start a dance and all will be fine.

Reggae Español: Jamaican Music in Spanish-speaking Countries :: Essays Papers

Reggae Espaà ±ol: Jamaican Music in Spanish-speaking Countries With its close geographic proximity to the Caribbean and Latin America, Jamaica has not only received influences from these cultures, but has also been influential on molding and forming an integral part of Spanish-speaking nations. The growing popularity of reggae and Jamaican culture as a whole is apparent all over the world, and is catching on quickly. Although there are reggae groups found in many of the Spanish-speaking countries worldwide, there is not much literature that has focused on their history or followed their progress, just like there is not much published work about reggae and Rastafarianism. This paper intends to focus on the Spanish involvement in Jamaica and also chart the musical influence of reggae in these aforementioned regions. Although there is not much evidence regarding the Spanish involvement of Jamaica, the Spaniards were supposedly the first to arrive on the island, and settle it shortly thereafter. Christopher Columbus veered off his path and came upon the small island in the Caribbean on his second voyage in may of 1494. The island was already inhabited by the indigenous people called the Arawaks, who supposedly came from Venezuela and had already named the island Xaymaca. Not unlike the other Caribbean islands the Spaniards inhabited, their presence decimated the indigenous population. The influx of disease and mistreatment of the indigenous people by the newcomers led to their eventual demise, 70-80 years after the Spanish arrival. (Musgrave). Only a few artifacts remain of what was once the Arawak culture, a people that at one point numbered 60,000. (Barrett, p. 20). 15 years after the Spaniards first encountered the island, they founded a settlement and were quickly establishing dominance in the region. In 1509, the Spaniards built a town named after an existing Spanish town, Sevilla La Nueva, New Seville. It was located near what is now St. Ann’s Bay on Jamaica’s north coast. With the local indigenous population declining due to disease, Spaniards began bring Africans to the island to work as slaves and perform hard labor. When the Spaniards left and the English took over, many of the salve fled, which became known as Maroons, and settled in what is now known as The Cockpit Country, located in the center of the island. The Spanish presence in Jamaica was relatively brief, and never flourished under Spanish rule. They handed it over to Britain in 1655, after engaging in battle with the British.

Addition as Choice Essay

Substance abuse is a pervasive problem throughout the United States. It affects all populations, socioeconomic groups, ages, and races. Within the community of substance abuse treatment providers, there is an ongoing debate on whether addiction is a disease, or whether individuals who abuse substances choose to engage in the behavior. There is evidence to support both positions. This paper will examine the controversy surrounding the issue of whether addiction is a choice, and examine the arguments presented by both sides. Addiction is a Choice Many individuals view substance abuse and drug addiction as a choice. These individuals argue that addicts choose to put the addictive substance in their body, therefore triggering the subsequent chemical reaction that occurs (Schaler, 2000) Individuals who argue that addiction is a choice, do not dispute that there is a physiological reaction when the drug or alcohol enters the body, and that long-term use alters the addicts brain chemistry. What they take issue with is the disease concept of addiction. Proponents of the choice theory argue that by labeling addiction as a disease, personal responsibility is removed from the equation, thereby allowing the addict to justify continued use as they are â€Å"unable† to stop (Schaler, 2000). See more:  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Experience with addiction treatment confirms the choice theory, according to proponents of this stance. The most frequently recommended and popular method of recovery from addiction is Alcoholics Anonymous and its various offshoots (Narcotics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous, etc.). Alcoholics Anonymous is a program that offers support to the addict and postulates that the individual must undergo a psychic and spiritual change in order to maintain abstinence and achieve physical and emotional sobriety. The 12-steps utilized by Alcoholics Anonymous primarily revolve around an individual becoming honest about their substance use, realizing the damage their use has caused to themselves and others, making amends for the damage, and developing skills to assist them in staying sober and maintaining a healthy life. Critics of the disease model argue that AA and its offshoots talk about an ethical and spiritual solution, not a medical one (Schaler, 2000). Primary treatment approaches utilized in substance abuse treatment centers revolve around a psychotherapeutic foundation, rather than a medical one. Skill building, cognitive behavioural treatment, psych educational groups, and process groups comprise the majority of treatment in drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers. These are combined with a healthy diet, treatment of any mental health issues, and plenty of exercise. Again, no evidence of treatment of any physical disease (Schaler, 2000). Perhaps individuals who are alcoholics are allergic to alcohol. They still possess choice in whether or not to take the drink, just as individuals who break out in a rash when they eat strawberries, can choose whether or not to eat a strawberry, knowing the potential consequences. Addiction as a Disease Individuals who subscribe to the addiction as disease model argue that there is a psychological as well as a physical component to addiction. Initially, the argument is made that humans are conditioned to do things that cause them pleasure. Humans will repeatedly engage in an activity that elicits a positive reward. Humans also repeatedly engage in behaviors that allow them to avoid or escape negative consequences or results. Addictive drugs have the ability to reinforce strong behavioral responses and compel conditioned memories (Young, 1999). Addictive drugs produce different effects on body systems and each has a different immediate or long-term health consequence. But what truly separates addictive drugs from other classes of drugs is their ability to alter brain chemistry involved in the processes of reinforcement, learning and memory. Addictive drugs hijack our system’s natural response to rewards (Young, 1999). Repeated drug use can significantly alter brain chemistry. Three different types of change are important for addictive drug use. Repeated use of the drug can increase tolerance, so that increasingly higher doses of the drug are required to produce the same effect. With some drugs, tolerance occurs because the drug begins to break down more efficiently, requiring more of the drug to experience the high, while in other cases, tolerance appears to occur at the level of the neurons. Another physiological change important to the development of addiction is that repeated use of some drugs can produce physical dependence, wherein the nerves in the brain and body only function normally in the presence of the drug. Failure to use the drug can result in physical withdrawal symptoms. A third way that brain chemistry is altered is in the reward pathways themselves. Repeated use of some drugs, such as methamphetamine, may cause the brain to decrease its production of dopamine and other pleasure i nducing chemicals. This can result in intense cravings when the drug is withdrawn, as the individual is unable to experience pleasure any other way (Young, 1999). One complicating variable with regard to the disease concept of addiction is that for many individuals, exposure to drugs and alcohol does not cause addiction. They are able to use opioids as prescribed and drink alcohol socially. Some individuals seem to be able to use drugs and alcohol recreationally, while others become addicted. Explanations vary. First, individuals vary in their biology, and there may be a genetic component to addiction. Second, the set of expectations associated with drug use may influence how easily one becomes addicted. Third, individuals may differ in learned vulnerability. For instance, an alcoholic, who never took pills of any kind, ceases alcohol use. After a substantial amount of time of sobriety, the alcoholic is prescribed pain medication as the result of the surgery. The alcoholic then becomes addicted to pain medication (Young, 1999). Statement of position After substantial research I am taking the position that addiction is a disease. It was initially concluded that people naturally seek out pleasurable experiences. Why else would individuals who are functional, sound decision-makers in every area of their life, be unable to control or manage their intake of alcohol or drugs, even in the face of tremendous and unpleasant consequences? Jail, loss of children, loss of jobs and homes, homelessness, engagement in criminal activities; it is hard to perceive anyone choosing to continue substance use in the face of these consequences. The chronic alcoholic or drug addict will continue use of the substance, regardless of consequences, to the point of death. This can only be the result of biochemical changes in the brain as the result of substance use, perhaps combined with a genetic predisposition to addiction. Chronic alcoholics and drug addicts should be treated with the same care that one treats a diabetic or someone with hypertension. Treatments involve behavioral changes, as well as medications, dietary changes, and exercise (McLellan, 2002). But like many with chronic disease, patients do not always cooperate with treatment. This is recognized in the medical community with regard to diabetes and hypertension, however when the alcoholic or drug addict behaves as others who have a chronic disease would, it is considered a moral issue. The argument concerning Alcoholics Anonymous and treatment centers does not hold water with regard to those with a chronic condition. Individuals enter treatment or AA programs with varying degrees of addiction. An individual may enter AA after receiving his first DUI, and decide that he has a problem and needs help to stay sober. He arrests the disease before it progresses. This is similar to the diabetic, who prior to be diagnosed with Type II diabetes, is warned by her physician that she is pre-diabetic. She proceeds to make lifestyle changes that arrest her disease, and she never becomes a full-blown diabetic. The AA program will help the addict change their lifestyle making it easier for some addicts to resist behaviors that encourage use, and eventually addiction. Multicultural Considerations Addiction is viewed differently in a variety of cultures. Within the United States, the African-American community experiences high rates of alcoholism and drug addiction. This is typically viewed as the result of genetics, combined with socioeconomic factors such as poverty, unemployment, and high educational dropout rates. The Native American community experiences rates of alcoholism much higher than any other North American culture. Hispanic culture, particularly Mexicans and Puerto Ricans show higher rates of substance use; however individuals from Cuba and Central American countries show a reduced rate of substance use (SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies, 1998). Cultural considerations need to be taken into account when providing treatment services to addicts, as different cultures view addiction differently. Some cultures, like Native American and African-American, tend to view addiction as a disease; while other cultures, like Asian or Hispanic, may view substance abuse as a mor al issue or an issue of choice. How the addict sees the disease can help determine a route of treatment. Critical Literacy The two primary positions presented in this paper regarding addiction, both attempt to determine causes of addiction. They utilize scientific methods, literature reviews, and deductive reasoning to come to their conclusions. There is a strong psychological component to addiction, combined with biochemical changes. Both views attempt to shape the existing science and research to support their positions; one from a medical framework and the other psychological/sociological framework. Civic Literacy Costs related to substance use and abuse is astronomical in the United States. The US criminalization of drugs accounts for millions of dollars spent annually on police forces, trial lawyers, judges and correctional facilities. Other financial factors to be considered are the rise in crime rates in areas where substance use is prevalent, the increase in theft and property damage; the cost in failed marriages and children neglected and abused; the cost to emergency rooms which are required to treat individuals who present in crisis, regardless of their ability to pay. Socially, substance use destroys families and undermines the values that the US was founded on.Citizens can help by educating themselves about addiction and understanding that it is a disease. The majority of addicts need treatment, jobs, housing and a variety of other services to assist them in staying clean and sober. Citizens can vote for legislation that provides funding for treatment centers and necessary social ser vices, rather than increasing the number of jails and correctional facilities. Science Literacy The medical aspects of addiction require that science be actively involved in contributing to a solution. Scientists study brain chemistry and are now able to take pictures of individual’s brains that demonstrate the dramatic changes that occur when substances are introduced to an individual’s body. Medications are being tested that may reduce the cravings that addicts experience when they withdrawal from drugs. The field of psychology contributes to the reduction of addiction by providing addicts with cognitive-behavioral restructuring with regard to substance use, and assisting with any co-occurring mental health disorders. Values Literacy Many people consider addiction a moral issue. They believe that if an individual just had enough willpower, they could choose to not use a substance they are addicted to. Many in North America believe this, and there are articles and books written regarding the topic of addiction as a choice. However, the science is clear, once a person is addicted, a variety of treatments are necessary to assist them in addressing the biochemical changes that have occurred in their body. Most of these treatments are not medical; they are psychological and involve restructuring an individual’s thought process as well as teaching them skills to cope with their addiction. Individuals with addiction should be treated as if they are a sufferer of a chronic disease, with the same level of care and compassion one would treat someone with diabetes or hypertension. Conclusion In conclusion, there exists within the United States, two views regarding addiction. Some believe that addiction is a choice and that individuals who are addicts can choose whether to use or not. Others believe in the disease model of addiction. While strong arguments are made on both sides, the science is clear with regard to the disease model, although it is likely that the truth lies somewhere in the middle.

Morocco a developing country

Developing countries are countries with non- or budding industrial base, clinical depression breathing standards, and low HDI (Human Development Index) compared to developed countries interchangeable the coupled States and the European Union countries. Morocco is a substantially example of a typical create solid ground. It has an undeveloped industrial base, low living standards, and a low HDI. In fact, Morocco is stratified at the 130th place e verywhere 185 member states of the UN in 2013. Also, according to the unite Nations Development Program, Morocco has a medium valet development.The reasons that choose Morocco a growing boorish are numerous. Actually, the three primary(prenominal) reasons that make the Cheriflan forcedom a development clownish are french colonialism, low standards of hearty programs, and absence of human rights. Firstly, Morocco is a developing country because of its historical roots. Indeed, one of the main reasons that make Morocco a d eveloping country is the French Protectorate. The French Protectorate, or the French colonialism, worsened the situation in Morocco since its administration in 1912 until the Independence in 1956.The French and some Moroccan elite re comprise by bourgeois Fassis and Rbatis took the biggest part of cake. This French-Moroccan oligarchy took destiny of the biggest and around lucrative businesses in Morocco such(prenominal) as agriculture, banks and insurance, industry, and politics. This situation do the abstruse richer and the poor poorer. Until nowadays, we equable notice than the nitty-gritty of Morocco, which is economics, is still held by noble and notoriously rich families. Thus, the distribution of wealth in Morocco is unbalanced as we observe that there are the rich, the poor, and a small entity that akes the heart class.In developed countries, middle classes are the ones that seat the economics and politics of a country. contend the example of Norway where a minis ter uses a bike or public conveyancing to get to his/her Job. We are not commence to see this anytime soon in Morocco. My argument, which is base on a historical basis, is that Morocco suffered and is still suffering from the French colonialism and that the Protectorate was mainly in usefulness of France not of the legal age of Moroccans, who were very poor in the prototypal half of the twentieth century.Unfortunately, Morocco has a very low standard of social programs. or else of taking the best part of the French colonialism, Morocco took by large the bad stance of the French system one of the most tangible consequences of the French presence in Morocco is the cultural alienation. However, Morocco did not take advantage of some aspects of the French system such as the admission priceible Security. Indeed, the French Social Security is a program made by diverse organizations that take supervise of citizens in four contexts illness, old age, family, and accident. In Mor occo, there is no such system.Unless you are working in the state possess sector or in a good private company, you dont have access to the Social Security. Morocco has only organizations such as CNOPS, CNSS, or private insurance and banking companies that have a backup role in case of unfortunate happening. This is a major(ip) factor that does not make Morocco a developed country, but a developing one. Finally, Morocco has a long standing study of non obligingnessing human rights. Right atter the French colonialism, King Hassan 2 came to power and starts to use repressing techniques to dissuade some zealous intellectuals.Fortunately, with the present of the contemporary King Mohamed 6, the situation is acquire better especially with the instauration of the righteousness and Reconciliation Commission. One of the most measurable criteria of a developed country is to respect human rights and maintain freedom for all(prenominal) citizen. Unfortunately, Morocco is not very good i n that topic. We still have abuse of power, degraded politicians, civil servants, and forces of security servants. Consequently, Morocco still has a long path to follow until it reaches a full status of democracy and becomes a developed country.To sum up, Morocco should have Scandinavian countries as role models since they are really the perfect example of developed and redbrick nations. All the four Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland) suffered from the WW II but have reborn from their ashes like a phoenix. Morocco has never been involved in a major bloody state of war but still suffers from the presence of a soft power called Protectorate. As a country with a promising two-year-old population, we should be more open to the world, be working harder, pragmatic, and more tolerant to discover the status of a developed country.